Space, time and machines

TL;DR

This paper applies the second law of thermodynamics to cosmology, explaining universal phenomena as natural outcomes of energy dispersal and symmetry breaking, linking thermodynamics with cosmic evolution.

Contribution

It introduces a thermodynamic framework for understanding cosmological phenomena, connecting the second law to the evolution of the universe and deriving the Navier-Stokes equation from this perspective.

Findings

Cosmological phenomena explained as energy dispersal

Universe modeled as a Riemann resonator undergoing symmetry breaking

Derivation of Navier-Stokes equation from thermodynamic principles

Abstract

The 2nd law of thermodynamics is used to shed light on present-day puzzles in cosmology. The universal law, given as an equation of motion, describes diverse systems when consuming free energy via various mechanisms to attain stationary states in their respective surroundings. Expansion of the Universe, galactic rotation and lensing as well as clustering of red-shifted spectral lines are found as natural consequences of the maximal energy dispersal that satisfies the conservation of energy, in the forms of kinetic, potential and dissipation. The Universe in its entirety is pictured as a giant Riemann resonator in evolution via step-by-step spontaneous breaking of one stationary-state symmetry to another to diminish energy density differences relative to its zero-density "surroundings". The continuum equation of evolution is proven equivalent to the Navier-Stokes equation. The ubiquitous flow equation has no solution because the forces and flows are inseparable when the dissipative process has three or more degrees of freedom. Since an evolving system is without a norm, there is no unitary transformation to solve the characteristic equation, but detailed trajectories remain inherently intractable. Conversely, stationary-state trajectories can be solved.