Discussing the explanation of the quantum speed up

TL;DR

This paper explores the theoretical basis of quantum speed-up, linking it to a classical algorithm with 50% prior knowledge, and relates it to quantum nonlocality and causality, providing a deeper understanding of quantum computational advantages.

Contribution

It extends the 50% advanced information rule to a broader theoretical framework and connects quantum speed-up to nonlocality and causal processes, addressing objections based on measurement determinism.

Findings

The 50% rule applies broadly to quantum algorithms.

Quantum speed-up relates to nonlocality and causal backdating.

Objections based on deterministic measurement outcomes are addressed.

Abstract

In former work, we showed that a quantum algorithm is the sum over the histories of a classical algorithm that knows in advance 50% of the information about the solution of the problem - each history is a possible way of getting the advanced information and a possible result of computing the missing information. We gave a theoretical justification of this 50% advanced information rule and checked that it holds for a large variety of quantum algorithms. Now we discuss the theoretical justification in further detail and counter a possible objection. We show that the rule is the generalization of a simple, well known, explanation of quantum nonlocality - where logical correlation between measurement outcomes is physically backed by a causal/deterministic/local process with causality allowed to go backward in time with backdated state vector reduction. The possible objection is that quantum algorithms often produce the solution of the problem in an apparently deterministic way (when their unitary part produces an eigenstate of the observable to be measured and measurement produces the corresponding eigenvalue - the solution - with probability 1), while the present explanation of the speed up relies on the nondeterministic character of quantum measurement. We show that this objection would mistake the nondeterministic production of a definite outcome for a deterministic production.