Multi-wavelength study of XMMU J2235.3-2557: the most massive galaxy cluster at z > 1

TL;DR

This study characterizes the most massive galaxy cluster at z>1, XMMU J2235.3-2557, revealing its galaxy populations, hot gas properties, and total mass, indicating an advanced evolutionary stage at one-third of the universe's current age.

Contribution

First detailed multi-wavelength analysis of a highly massive galaxy cluster at z>1, combining X-ray, optical, and spectroscopic data to determine its properties and evolutionary state.

Findings

XMMU J2235.3-2557 is the hottest and most massive cluster at z>1.

The cluster has a significant cool core and a metallicity of about 0.26 Zsun.

Total mass within 1 Mpc is approximately 5.9×10^14 Msun.

Abstract

[Abridged] XMMU J2235.3-2557 is one of the most distant X-ray selected clusters, spectroscopically confirmed at z=1.39. We characterize the galaxy populations of passive members, the thermodynamical properties of the hot gas, its metal abundance and the total mass of the system using imaging data with HST/ACS (i775 and z850 bands) and VLT/ISAAC (J and K_s bands), extensive spectroscopic data obtained with VLT/FORS2, and deep Chandra observations. Out of a total sample of 34 spectroscopically confirmed cluster members, we selected 16 passive galaxies within the central 2' (or 1 Mpc) with ACS coverage, and inferred star formation histories for a sub-sample of galaxies inside and outside the core by modeling their spectro-photometric data with spectral synthesis models, finding a strong mean age radial gradient. Chandra data show a regular elongated morphology, closely resembling the distribution of core galaxies, with a significant cool core. We measure a global X-ray temperature of kT=8.6(-1.2,+1.3) keV (68% c.l.). By detecting the rest-frame 6.7 keV Iron K line, we measure a metallicty Z= 0.26(+0.20,-0.16) Zsun. In the likely hypothesis of hydrostatic equilibrium, we obtain a total mass of Mtot(<1 Mpc)=(5.9+-1.3)10^14 Msun. Overall, our analysis implies that XMM2235 is the hottest and most massive bona-fide cluster discovered to date at z>1, with a baryonic content, both its galaxy population and intra-cluster gas, in a significantly advanced evolutionary stage at 1/3 of the current age of the Universe.