Emergence of equilibrium thermodynamic properties in quantum pure states. I. Theory

TL;DR

This paper introduces a theoretical framework connecting quantum mechanical descriptions with thermodynamic properties of isolated quantum systems, emphasizing the roles of initial states, typicality, and specific ensembles in understanding equilibrium behavior.

Contribution

It presents a simple, effective approach to distinguish statistical and dynamical aspects in quantum systems, clarifying how equilibrium properties emerge from pure states and their initial conditions.

Findings

Equilibrium properties depend on initial states due to constants of motion.

Typicality bridges microscopic quantum dynamics and macroscopic thermodynamics.

Conditions for ensembles to yield meaningful thermodynamic descriptions are identified.

Abstract

Investigation on foundational aspects of quantum statistical mechanics recently entered a renaissance period due to novel intuitions from quantum information theory and to increasing attention on the dynamical aspects of single quantum systems. In the present contribution a simple but effective theoretical framework is introduced to clarify the connections between a purely mechanical description and the thermodynamic characterization of the equilibrium state of an isolated quantum system. A salient feature of our approach is the very transparent distinction between the statistical aspects and the dynamical aspects in the description of isolated quantum systems. Like in the classical statistical mechanics, the equilibrium distribution of any property is identified on the basis of the time evolution of the considered system. As a consequence equilibrium properties of quantum system appear to depend on the details of the initial state due to the abundance of constants of the motion in the Schr\"odinger dynamics. On the other hand the study of the probability distributions of some functions, such as the entropy or the equilibrium state of a subsystem, in statistical ensembles of pure states reveals the crucial role of typicality as the bridge between macroscopic thermodynamics and microscopic quantum dynamics. We shall consider two particular ensembles: the random pure state ensemble and the fixed expectation energy ensemble. The relation between the introduced ensembles, the properties of a given isolated system, and the standard quantum statistical description are discussed throughout the presentation. Finally we point out the conditions which should be satisfied by an ensemble in order to get meaningful thermodynamical characterization of an isolated quantum system.