Single ion implantation for single donor devices using Geiger mode detectors

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a highly sensitive single ion Geiger mode detector capable of detecting ions at distances over 75 micrometers with near-perfect efficiency, enabling precise control in single donor device fabrication.

Contribution

The work introduces a remotely located Geiger mode avalanche diode detector with 100% efficiency at >75 μm distance, achieving detection sensitivity to fewer than 600 electron-hole pairs, and demonstrates cryogenic operation to reduce false counts.

Findings

Achieved 100% detection efficiency at >75 μm distance.

Sensitivity to fewer than 600 electron-hole pairs.

False count probability reduced to 1E-4 at 77K.

Abstract

Electronic devices that are designed to use the properties of single atoms such as donors or defects have become a reality with recent demonstrations of donor spectroscopy, single photon emission sources, and magnetic imaging using defect centers in diamond. Improving single ion detector sensitivity is linked to improving control over the straggle of the ion as well as providing more flexibility in lay-out integration with the active region of the single donor device construction zone by allowing ion sensing at potentially greater distances. Using a remotely located passively gated single ion Geiger mode avalanche diode (SIGMA) detector we have demonstrated 100% detection efficiency at a distance of >75 um from the center of the collecting junction. This detection efficiency is achieved with sensitivity to ~600 or fewer electron-hole pairs produced by the implanted ion. Ion detectors with this sensitivity and integrated with a thin dielectric, for example 5 nm gate oxide, using low energy Sb implantation would have an end of range straggle of <2.5 nm. Significant reduction in false count probability is achieved by modifying the ion beam set-up to allow for cryogenic operation of the SIGMA detector. Using a detection window of 230 ns at 1 Hz, the probability of a false count was measured as 1E-1 and 1E-4 for operation temperatures of 300K and 77K, respectively. Low temperature operation and reduced false, dark, counts are critical to achieving high confidence in single ion arrival. For the device performance in this work, the confidence is calculated as a probability of >98% for counting one and only one ion for a false count probability of 1E-4 at an average ion number per gated window of 0.015.