Hipparcos preliminary astrometric masses for the two close-in companions to HD 131664 and HD 43848. A brown dwarf and a low mass star

TL;DR

This study refines the orbital and mass properties of two sub-stellar companions to nearby stars using Hipparcos astrometry, confirming one as a brown dwarf and constraining the other’s mass.

Contribution

It provides the first astrometric mass estimates for these companions, improving understanding of their true nature and demonstrating the utility of Hipparcos data for such measurements.

Findings

HD 131664b is likely a brown dwarf with a true mass around 23 Jupiter masses.

HD 43848b's true mass is inconsistent with being a brown dwarf, likely a low-mass star.

Astrometric signals of the companions are detected with up to 95% confidence.

Abstract

[abridged] We attempt to improve on the characterization of the properties (orbital elements, masses) of two Doppler-detected sub-stellar companions to the nearby G dwarfs HD 131664 and HD 43848. We carry out orbital fits to the Hipparcos IAD for the two stars, taking advantage of the knowledge of the spectroscopic orbits, and solving for the two orbital elements that can be determined in principle solely by astrometry, the inclination angle $i$ and the longitude of the ascending node $\Omega$. A number of checks are carried out in order to assess the reliability of the orbital solutions thus obtained. The best-fit solution for HD 131664 yields $i=55\pm33$ deg and $\Omega=22\pm28$ deg. The resulting inferred true companion mass is then $M_c = 23_{-5}^{+26}$ $M_J$. For \object{HD 43848}, we find $i=12\pm7$ deg and $\Omega=288\pm22$ deg, and $M_c = 120_{-43}^{+167}$ $M_J$. Based on the statistical evidence from an $F$-test, the study of the joint confidence intervals of variation of $i$ and $\Omega$, and the comparison of the derived orbital semi-major axes with a distribution of false astrometric orbits obtained for single stars observed by Hipparcos, the astrometric signal of the two companions to HD 131664 and HD 43848 is then considered detected in the Hipparcos IAD, with a level of statistical confidence not exceeding 95%. We constrain the true mass of HD 131664b to that of a brown dwarf to within a somewhat statistically significant degree of confidence ($\sim2-\sigma$). For HD 43848b, a true mass in the brown dwarf regime is ruled out at the $1-\sigma$ confidence level. [abridged]