First-principles study of graphene edge properties and flake shapes

TL;DR

This study uses density functional theory to analyze graphene edge energies and stresses, revealing how edge orientation, reconstruction, and hydrogen adsorption influence the equilibrium shape and stability of graphene flakes.

Contribution

It provides detailed first-principles calculations of edge properties and predicts the equilibrium shapes of graphene flakes considering edge reconstruction and hydrogen effects.

Findings

Edge energy varies nearly linearly with orientation.

Hydrogen adsorption lowers edge energy and stress.

Reconstructed zigzag edges reduce buckling tendencies.

Abstract

We use density functional theory to determine the equilibrium shape of graphene flakes, through the calculation of the edge orientation dependence of the edge energy and edge stress of graphene nanoribbons. The edge energy is a nearly linear function of edge orientation angle; increasing from the armchair orientation to the zigzag orientation. Reconstruction of the zigzag edge lowers its energy to less than that of the armchair edge. The edge stress for all edge orientations is compressive, however, reconstruction of the zigzag edge reduces this edge stress to near zero. Hydrogen adsorption is favorable for all edge orientations; dramatically lowering all edge energies and all edge stresses. It also removes the reconstruction of the zigzag edge. Using the new edge energy data, we determine the equilibrium shape of a graphene sheet (with unreconstructed edges) to be hexagonal with straight armchair edges in the presence and absence of hydrogen. However, zigzag edge reconstruction produces graphene flakes with a six-fold symmetry, but with rounded edges. This shape is dominated by near zigzag edges. The compressive edge stresses will lead to edge buckling (out-of-the-plane of the graphene sheet) for all edge orientations, in the absence of hydrogen. Exposing the graphene flake to hydrogen dramatically decreases the buckling amplitude.