Measuring on Lattices

TL;DR

This paper develops a new, more general foundation for probability theory using lattice theory, unifying and extending classical formulations by deriving sum and product rules within this framework.

Contribution

It introduces a lattice-theoretic foundation for probability, deriving sum and product rules that generalize Cox and Kolmogorov approaches and apply to number theory and quantum mechanics.

Findings

Derived sum and product rules from lattice properties

Unified probability theory with a general measure concept

Applied the framework to number theory and quantum mechanics

Abstract

Previous derivations of the sum and product rules of probability theory relied on the algebraic properties of Boolean logic. Here they are derived within a more general framework based on lattice theory. The result is a new foundation of probability theory that encompasses and generalizes both the Cox and Kolmogorov formulations. In this picture probability is a bi-valuation defined on a lattice of statements that quantifies the degree to which one statement implies another. The sum rule is a constraint equation that ensures that valuations are assigned so as to not violate associativity of the lattice join and meet. The product rule is much more interesting in that there are actually two product rules: one is a constraint equation arises from associativity of the direct products of lattices, and the other a constraint equation derived from associativity of changes of context. The generality of this formalism enables one to derive the traditionally assumed condition of additivity in measure theory, as well introduce a general notion of product. To illustrate the generic utility of this novel lattice-theoretic foundation of measure, the sum and product rules are applied to number theory. Further application of these concepts to understand the foundation of quantum mechanics is described in a joint paper in this proceedings.