Graphene wormholes: A condensed matter illustration of Dirac fermions in curved space

TL;DR

This paper models graphene wormholes using an effective Dirac fermion theory in curved space, revealing zero-energy modes and localized states, and demonstrates the potential for experimental exploration of curvature-Dirac interactions in carbon materials.

Contribution

It develops an effective continuum theory of Dirac fermions for graphene wormholes with heptagonal defects, linking topological defects to gauge flux and zero-energy modes.

Findings

Zero-energy modes form two triplets at maximal gauge flux.

Numerical spectra match the effective gauge flux predictions.

Graphene wormholes can serve as experimental platforms for curvature-Dirac field interactions.

Abstract

We study the properties of graphene wormholes in which a short nanotube acts as a bridge between two graphene sheets, where the honeycomb carbon lattice is curved from the presence of 12 heptagonal defects. By taking the nanotube bridge with very small length compared to the radius, we develop an effective theory of Dirac fermions to account for the low-energy electronic properties of the wormholes in the continuum limit, where the frustration induced by the heptagonal defects is mimicked by a line of fictitious gauge flux attached to each of them. We find in particular that, when the effective gauge flux from the topological defects becomes maximal, the zero-energy modes of the Dirac equation can be arranged into two triplets, that can be thought as the counterpart of the two triplets of zero modes that arise in the dual instance of the continuum limit of large spherical fullerenes. We further investigate the graphene wormhole spectra by performing a numerical diagonalization of tight-binding hamiltonians for very large lattices realizing the wormhole geometry. The correspondence between the number of localized electronic states observed in the numerical approach and the effective gauge flux predicted in the continuum limit shows that graphene wormholes can be consistently described by an effective theory of two Dirac fermion fields in the curved geometry of the wormhole, opening the possibility of using real samples of the carbon material as a playground to experiment with the interaction between the background curvature and the Dirac fields.