Gamma-ray burst afterglows from trans-relativistic blast wave simulations

TL;DR

This study models gamma-ray burst afterglows during the transition from relativistic to nonrelativistic flow, revealing late transition timing, flux variability, and jet effects through advanced hydrodynamics and radiation simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a novel combined hydrodynamics and radiation simulation linking shock microphysics to afterglow modeling, improving accuracy over previous analytical approaches.

Findings

Transition to nonrelativistic regime occurs later than expected.

Flux can vary significantly depending on the fluid's equation of state.

Counterjets cause late-time rebrightening in jet models.

Abstract

We present a study of the intermediate regime between ultra-relativistic and nonrelativistic flow for gamma-ray burst afterglows. The hydrodynamics of spherically symmetric blast waves is numerically calculated using the AMRVAC adaptive mesh refinement code. Spectra and light curves are calculated using a separate radiation code that, for the first time, links a parametrisation of the microphysics of shock acceleration, synchrotron self-absorption and electron cooling to a high-performance hydrodynamics simulation. For the dynamics we find that the transition to the nonrelativistic regime generally occurs later than expected, that the Sedov-Taylor solution overpredicts the late time blast wave radius and that the analytical formula for the blast wave velocity from Huang (1999) overpredicts the late time velocity by a factor 4/3. For the radiation we find that the flux may differ up to an order of magnitude depending on the equation of state that is used for the fluid and that the counterjet leads to a clear rebrightening at late times for hard-edged jets. Simulating GRB030329 using predictions for its physical parameters from the literature leads to spectra and light curves that may differ significantly from the actual data, emphasizing the need for very accurate modelling. Predicted light curves at low radio frequencies for a hard-edged jet model of GRB030329 with opening angle 22 degrees show typically two distinct peaks, due to the combined effect of jet break, non relativistic break and counterjet.