The roadmap for unification in galaxy group selection:. I. A search for extended X-ray emission in the CNOC2 survey

TL;DR

This study uses combined Chandra and XMM X-ray data to identify galaxy groups in the CNOC2 survey, analyzing their properties and evolution to improve understanding of structure growth and galaxy formation.

Contribution

It presents a new catalog of X-ray detected galaxy groups from combined Chandra and XMM data, and assesses their properties and evolution compared to spectroscopic selections.

Findings

Approximately 50% of deeper X-ray selected groups are detected in X-ray.

X-ray luminosity correlates with velocity dispersion without significant redshift evolution.

Stacked shear signals confirm the reality and typical mass of the identified groups.

Abstract

X-ray properties of galaxy groups can unlock some of the most challenging research topics in modern extragalactic astronomy: the growth of structure and its influence on galaxy formation. Only with the advent of the Chandra and XMM facilities have X-ray observations reached the depths required to address these questions in a satisfactory manner. Here we present an X-ray imaging study of two patches from the CNOC2 spectroscopic galaxy survey using combined Chandra and XMM data. A state of the art extended source finding algorithm has been applied, and the resultant source catalog, including redshifts from a spectroscopic follow-up program, is presented. The total number of spectroscopically identified groups is 25 spanning a redshift range 0.04-0.79. Approximately 50% of CNOC2 spectroscopically selected groups in the deeper X-ray (RA14h) field are likely X-ray detections, compared to 20% in the shallower (RA21h) field. Statistical modeling shows that this is consistent with expectations, assuming an expected evolution of the Lx-M relation. A significant detection of a stacked shear signal for both spectroscopic and X-ray groups indicates that both samples contain real groups of about the expected mass. We conclude that the current area and depth of X-ray and spectroscopic facilities provide a unique window of opportunity at z~0.4 to test the X-ray appearance of galaxy groups selected in various ways. There is at present no evidence that the correlation between X-ray luminosity and velocity dispersion evolves significantly with redshift, which implies that catalogs based on either method can be fairly compared and modeled.