Disc-planet interactions in sub-keplerian discs

TL;DR

This paper explores how subkeplerian gas velocities in protoplanetary discs, as predicted by the X-wind model, significantly alter planet migration and gap formation processes, potentially affecting planet development.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of disc-planet interactions specifically in strongly subkeplerian discs, highlighting differences from traditional Keplerian models.

Findings

Low-mass planet migration can be much faster and inward in subkeplerian discs.

Gap formation is hindered and occurs closer to the planet in subkeplerian environments.

Subkeplerian discs pose more challenges for planet formation and stability.

Abstract

One class of protoplanetary disc models, the X-wind model, predicts strongly subkeplerian orbital gas velocities, a configuration that can be sustained by magnetic tension. We investigate disc-planet interactions in these subkeplerian discs, focusing on orbital migration for low-mass planets and gap formation for high-mass planets. We use linear calculations and nonlinear hydrodynamical simulations to measure the torque and look at gap formation. In both cases, the subkeplerian nature of the disc is treated as a fixed external constraint. We show that, depending on the degree to which the disc is subkeplerian, the torque on low-mass planets varies between the usual Type I torque and the one-sided outer Lindblad torque, which is also negative but an order of magnitude stronger. In strongly subkeplerian discs, corotation effects can be ignored, making migration fast and inward. Gap formation near the planet's orbit is more difficult in such discs, since there are no resonances close to the planet accommodating angular momentum transport. In stead, the location of the gap is shifted inwards with respect to the planet, leaving the planet on the outside of a surface density depression. Depending on the degree to which a protoplanetary disc is subkeplerian, disc-planet interactions can be very different from the usual Keplerian picture, making these discs in general more hazardous for young planets.