Dynamical friction for accelerated motion in a gaseous medium

TL;DR

This paper investigates how acceleration affects dynamical friction in a gaseous medium, revealing that the force depends on initial velocity and Mach number, with unique behaviors during acceleration and deceleration phases.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of dynamical friction under acceleration, extending the classical constant-velocity assumption to more realistic accelerating motions.

Findings

Maximum force occurs between Mach 1 and Mach 2.

Accelerating subsonic perturbers experience similar friction to uniform motion if no past supersonic episodes.

Decelerating supersonic perturbers have weaker friction as velocity decreases.

Abstract

Dynamical friction arises from the interaction of a perturber and the gravitational wake it excites in the ambient medium. This interaction is usually derived assuming that the perturber has a constant velocity. In realistic situations, motion is accelerated as for instance by dynamical friction itself. Here, we study the effect of acceleration on the dynamical friction force. We characterize the density enhancement associated with a constantly accelerating perturber with rectilinear motion in an infinite homogeneous gaseous medium and show that dynamical friction is not a local force and that its amplitude may depend on the perturber's initial velocity. The force on an accelerating perturber is maximal between Mach 1 and Mach 2, where it is smaller than the corresponding uniform motion friction. In the limit where the perturber's size is much smaller than the distance needed to change the Mach number by unity through acceleration, a subsonic perturber feels a force similar to uniform motion friction only if its past history does not include supersonic episodes. Once an accelerating perturber reaches large supersonic speeds, accelerated motion friction is marginally stronger than uniform motion friction. The force on a decelerating supersonic perturber is weaker than uniform motion friction as the velocity decreases to a few times the sound speed. Dynamical friction on a decelerating subsonic perturber with an initial Mach number larger than 2 is much larger than uniform motion friction and tends to a finite value as the velocity vanishes in contrast to uniform motion friction.