Variable accretion in the embedded phase of stellar evolution

TL;DR

This study uses hydrodynamic simulations to explain the wide range of observed accretion rates in embedded young stellar objects, highlighting the role of disk properties and gravitational instability.

Contribution

It demonstrates that variable accretion rates in embedded YSOs can be reproduced by models with different disk viscosities and temperatures, revealing the impact of gravitational instability.

Findings

Simulations match observed spread in accretion rates.

Lower viscosity and temperature increase accretion rate variability.

Weak correlation between accretion rates and stellar mass in Class I stage.

Abstract

Motivated by the recent detection of a large number of embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) with mass accretion rates that are inconsistent with the predictions of the standard model of inside-out collapse (Shu 1977), we perform a series on numerical hydrodynamic simulations of the gravitational collapse of molecular cloud cores with various initial masses, rotation rates, and sizes. We focus on the early Class I stage of stellar evolution when circumstellar disks are exposed to high rates of mass deposition from infalling envelopes. Our numerical modeling reproduces the large observed spread in accretion rates inferred for embedded YSOs in Perseus, Serpens, and Ophiuchus star forming regions by Enoch et al. (2009), yielding 37%--75% of objects with "sub-Shu" accretion rates \dot{M} \la 10^{-6} Msun/yr and 1%--2% of objects with "super-Shu" accretion rates \dot{M}>10^{-5} Msun/yr. Mass accretion rates in the Class I stage have a log-normal distribution, with its shape controlled by disk viscosity and disk temperature. The spread in $\dot{M}$ is greater in models with lower viscosity and smaller in models with higher viscosity and higher disk temperature, suggesting that gravitational instability may be a dominant cause of the observed diversity in $\dot{M}$ in embedded YSOs. Our modeling predicts a weak dependence between the mean mass accretion rates and stellar masses in the Class I stage, in sharp contrast to the corresponding steep dependence for evolved T Tauri stars and brown dwarfs.