Modeling lossy propagation of non-classical light

TL;DR

This paper derives a generalized law for the loss of non-classical entangled light during propagation, revealing complex decay behaviors that differ from classical predictions, including super exponential, classical, and sub-classical regimes.

Contribution

It introduces a first-principles model for lossy propagation of non-classical light, providing explicit analytical expressions and numerical analysis of entanglement decay.

Findings

N00N states lose coherence super exponentially.

Generic states decay at a rate similar to classical Beer-Lambert law.

Entanglement decay shows a sub-classical plateau during propagation.

Abstract

The lossy propagation law (generalization of Lambert-Beer's law for classical radiation loss) for non-classical, dual-mode entangled states is derived from first principles, using an infinite-series of beam splitters to model continuous photon loss. This model is general enough to accommodate stray-photon noise along the propagation, as well as amplitude attenuation. An explicit analytical expression for the density matrix as a function of propagation distance is obtained for completely general input states with bounded photon number in each mode. The result is analyzed numerically for various examples of input states. For N00N state input, the loss of coherence and entanglement is super exponential as predicted by a number of previous studies. However, for generic input states, where the coefficients are generated randomly, the decay of coherence is very different; in fact no worse than the classical Beer-Lambert law. More surprisingly, there is a plateu at a mid-range interval in propagation distance where the loss is in fact sub-classical, following which it resumes the classical rate. The qualitative behavior of the decay of entanglement for two-mode propagation is also analyzed numerically for ensembles of random states using the behavior of negativity as a function of propagation distance.