Observing the molecular composition of galaxies

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in observing the molecular composition of galaxies, highlighting how new instruments like ALMA enable detailed study of galaxy nuclei and the early universe's chemistry.

Contribution

It summarizes the history and latest observational results in extragalactic molecular chemistry, emphasizing the impact of next-generation instruments like ALMA.

Findings

Molecular emission reveals physics of obscured galaxy nuclei

ALMA will vastly improve sensitivity and resolution for molecular studies

Extragalactic chemistry studies will expand to the early Universe

Abstract

The recent availability of wideband receivers and high sensitivity instruments in the mm and submm wavelengths has opened the possibility of studying in detail the chemistry of the interstellar medium in extragalactic objects. Within the central few hundred parsec of galaxies, we find enormous amounts of molecular material fueling a wide variety of highly energetic events observed in starbursts (galaxies undergoing an intense burst of star formation) and active galactic nuclei (AGN, where activity is driven by the accretion of material onto the nuclear black hole). Here it is presented a brief summary of both the history and the latest results in observational chemistry in distant galaxies. It will be shown how the molecular emission, is a powerful tool to explore the physics of the dust-enshrouded, buried nuclei of distant ultraluminous galaxies, which are heavily obscured at other wavelengths. Special attention will be given to the possibilities offered by next generationinstruments such as ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array), expected to have a vast impact on the field of Extragalactic Chemistry. Molecular studies in the early Universe will become available at unprecedented sensitivity and resolution.