A Relativistic Type Ibc Supernova Without a Detected Gamma-ray Burst

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a Type Ibc supernova with a relativistic outflow driven by a central engine, despite no gamma-ray burst detection, suggesting many such engine-driven supernovae remain hidden from gamma-ray observations.

Contribution

It presents the first detection of an engine-driven supernova without a gamma-ray burst, expanding methods to identify these events through radio observations.

Findings

Relativistic outflows can exist without gamma-ray detection.

Approximately 1% of Type Ibc supernovae harbor central engines.

Radio surveys can identify hidden engine-driven supernovae.

Abstract

Long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) mark the explosive death of some massive stars and are a rare sub-class of Type Ibc supernovae (SNe Ibc). They are distinguished by the production of an energetic and collimated relativistic outflow powered by a central engine (an accreting black hole or neutron star). Observationally, this outflow is manifested in the pulse of gamma-rays and a long-lived radio afterglow. To date, central engine-driven SNe have been discovered exclusively through their gamma-ray emission, yet it is expected that a larger population goes undetected due to limited satellite sensitivity or beaming of the collimated emission away from our line-of-sight. In this framework, the recovery of undetected GRBs may be possible through radio searches for SNe Ibc with relativistic outflows. Here we report the discovery of luminous radio emission from the seemingly ordinary Type Ibc SN 2009bb, which requires a substantial relativistic outflow powered by a central engine. The lack of a coincident GRB makes SN 2009bb the first engine-driven SN discovered without a detected gamma-ray signal. A comparison with our extensive radio survey of SNe Ibc reveals that the fraction harboring central engines is low, ~1 percent, measured independently from, but consistent with, the inferred rate of nearby GRBs. Our study demonstrates that upcoming optical and radio surveys will soon rival gamma-ray satellites in pinpointing the nearest engine-driven SNe. A similar result for a different supernova is reported independently.