Cosmological Models Without Singularity Based on RW Metric or A New Metric and their Explanation for Evolution of the Universe

TL;DR

This paper proposes a cosmological model without singularities based on a new metric and matter conjecture, explaining universe evolution, voids, and cosmic phenomena through symmetric matter types and phase transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel matter symmetry conjecture and a new metric that eliminate singularities and explain cosmic acceleration, voids, and the universe's evolution.

Findings

Universe has no initial singularity.

Void regions are not empty but act as concave lenses.

The model explains cosmic acceleration and primordial nucleosynthesis.

Abstract

A new conjecture is proposed that there are two sorts of matter called s-matter and v-matter which are symmetric and whose gravitational masses are opposite to each other, although both masses are positive. Therefore, there are two sorts of symmetry breaking called V-breaking and S-breaking. In the S-breaking, s-particles get their masses and form s-galaxies etc., while v-fermions and v-gauge bosons are still massless and form v-SU(5) singlets. There is no interaction among the v-SU(5) color-single states except gravitation so that they distribute loosely in space, cannot be observed and cause space to expand with an acceleration. When temperature increases to the critical temperature because space contracts, masses of all particles are zero so that s-particles and v-particles transform from one to another and the gravitational mass density becomes negative. Consequently, space stop to contract and inflation must occur. After reheating, space first expands with a deceleration and then expands with an acceleration up to now. There is no space-time singularity. There are the critical temperature, the highest temperature and the least scale in the universe. A formula describing distance-redshift is obtained. A huge void is not empty, and is equivalent to a huge concave lens. The densities of hydrogen in the huge voids must be much less than that predicted by the conventional theory. The gravitation between two galaxies with distance long enough will be less than that predicted by the conventional theory. A black hole with its mass and density big enough will transform into a white hole. Primordial nucleosynthesis and CMB are explained. It is possible that the universe is composed of infinite cosmic islands. The problem of energy conservation is discussed.