Statistical Analysis of Soft X-Ray Solar Flares During Solar Cycles 21, 22 and 23

TL;DR

This study provides a comprehensive statistical analysis of Soft X-ray solar flares across three solar cycles, examining hemispheric asymmetries, flare intensities, and evolution parameters to understand solar activity patterns.

Contribution

It offers new insights into hemispheric asymmetries, flare class distributions, and evolution parameters over multiple solar cycles, highlighting differences in flare characteristics and activity levels.

Findings

N-S asymmetry is more significant than E-W asymmetry.

Total SXR flare activity was highest in Solar Cycle 23.

Flare duration and times increase with intensity class.

Abstract

This paper presents a statistical analysis of Soft X-ray (SXR) flares during the period January 1976 to December 2007 covering solar cycles (SCs) 21, 22, and 23. We have analysed north-south (N-S) and east-west (E-W) asymmetry of SXR at low (less than equal to 40 degree), high (greater than equal to 50 degree) and total latitudes and center meridian distances (CMDs) respectively. We have also presented the N-S and E-W asymmetry of different intensity classes (B, C, M, and X) during the period of investigation. A slight southern and eastern excess is found after analysis during SC 21, 22, and 23. We found that the annual N-S and E-W hemispheric asymmetry at low latitudes and CMDs is the same as total latitudes and CMDs respectively. E-W asymmetry is different at low and high CMDs. Our statistical result shows that N-S asymmetry is statistically more significant than E-W asymmetry. Total SXR flare activity during SC 23 is high compared to SC 21 and 22. The B class flare activity is higher for SC 23 where as C, M and X class activities are higher for SC 21. We have also analysied the flare evolution parameters, i.e. duration, rise time, decay time and event asymmetry for total SXR as well as for different classes for last three SCs. The duration, rise time and decay time increase with increasing intensity class. On analysing event asymmetry indices, we found more positive values during SC 21 (64.86 per cent) and SC 22 (54.31 per cent), but for SC 23 we have more negative values (48.08 per cent). Our study shows that during SC 23 we have more SXR flare events having shorter decay time as compared to SC 21 and SC 22.