The first stars: formation of binaries and small multiple systems

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution simulations to explore how the first metal-free stars formed in small multiple systems, revealing that primordial stars often formed as binaries or small groups, impacting early cosmic evolution and observational signatures.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed simulation showing the formation of binary and small multiple systems among Population III stars, challenging the traditional single-star formation model.

Findings

Formation of a small multiple system including a binary with ~40 and ~10 solar masses.

The protostellar disk around the first star is gravitationally unstable and fragments.

The results suggest primordial stars often formed in binaries or multiples, affecting early universe models.

Abstract

We investigate the formation of metal-free, Population III (Pop III), stars within a minihalo at z ~ 20 with a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation, starting from cosmological initial conditions. Employing a hierarchical, zoom-in procedure, we achieve sufficient numerical resolution to follow the collapsing gas in the center of the minihalo up to number densities of 10^12 cm^-3. This allows us to study the protostellar accretion onto the initial hydrostatic core, which we represent as a growing sink particle, in improved physical detail. The accretion process, and in particular its termination, governs the final masses that were reached by the first stars. The primordial initial mass function (IMF), in turn, played an important role in determining to what extent the first stars drove early cosmic evolution. We continue our simulation for 5000 yr after the first sink particle has formed. During this time period, a disk-like configuration is assembled around the first protostar. The disk is gravitationally unstable, develops a pronounced spiral structure, and fragments into several other protostellar seeds. At the end of the simulation, a small multiple system has formed, dominated by a binary with masses ~ 40 M_Sun and ~ 10 M_Sun. If Pop III stars were to form typically in binaries or small multiples, the standard model of primordial star formation, where single, isolated stars are predicted to form in minihaloes, would have to be modified. This would have crucial consequences for the observational signature of the first stars, such as their nucleosynthetic pattern, and the gravitational-wave emission from possible Pop III black-hole binaries.