Fabrication of Diamond Nanowires for Quantum Information Processing Applications

TL;DR

This paper introduces a top-down fabrication method for diamond nanowires tailored for quantum information applications, combining numerical modeling and advanced etching techniques to optimize photon collection from NV centers.

Contribution

It presents a novel fabrication process for diamond nanowires with optimized geometries and etch masks, enabling improved integration with quantum systems.

Findings

Nanowires with near vertical sidewalls achieved in both polycrystalline and single crystal diamond.

Optimal etch masks identified, with Al2O3 nanoparticles showing high resistance.

Fabricated nanowires have heights up to 2.4 μm and diameters from 120 to 490 nm.

Abstract

We present a design and a top-down fabrication method for realizing diamond nanowires in both bulk single crystal and polycrystalline diamond. Numerical modeling was used to study coupling between a Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) color center and optical modes of a nanowire, and to find an optimal range of nanowire diameters that allows for large collection efficiency of emitted photons. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE) with oxygen is used to fabricate the nanowires. Drop-casted nanoparticles (including $\mathrm{Au}$, $\mathrm{SiO_{2}}$ and $\mathrm{Al_2O_3}$) as well as electron beam lithography defined spin-on glass and evaporated $\mathrm{Au}$ have been used as an etch mask. We found $\mathrm{Al_2O_3}$ nanoparticles to be the most etch resistant. At the same time FOx e-beam resist (spin-on glass) proved to be a suitable etch mask for fabrication of ordered arrays of diamond nanowires. We were able to obtain nanowires with near vertical sidewalls in both polycrystalline and single crystal diamond. The heights and diameters of the polycrystalline nanowires presented in this paper are $\unit[\approx1]{\mu m}$ and $\unit[120-340]{nm}$, respectively, having a $\unit[200]{nm/min}$ etch rate. In the case of single crystal diamond (types Ib and IIa) nanowires the height and diameter for different diamonds and masks shown in this paper were $\unit[1-2.4]{\mu m}$ and $\unit[120-490]{nm}$ with etch rates between $\unit[190-240]{nm/min}$.