Tracing the Magellanic Clouds Back in Time

TL;DR

This paper models the past trajectories of the Magellanic Clouds, Milky Way, and M31 using measured velocities and assumptions about their isolated evolution and external influences, revealing their high-redshift origins and dynamics.

Contribution

It provides a novel dynamical model tracing the Magellanic Clouds' history back to redshift 10, incorporating external mass effects and constraining galaxy velocities.

Findings

Milky Way's circular velocity between 200-230 km/s.

Proto-Magellanic Clouds were near the South pole of the Milky Way at high redshift.

The solution for galaxy motions is nearly unique under the assumptions.

Abstract

A solution is presented for the past motions of the Magellanic Clouds, the Milky Way galaxy, and M31, fitted to the measured velocities of the Clouds and M31, under some simplifying assumptions. The galaxies are modeled as isolated bodies back to redshift about 10, when their velocities relative to the general expansion of the universe were small, consistent with the gravitational instability picture for the growth of structure. Mass outside the Local Group is modeled as a third massive dynamical actor that is responsible for the angular momentum of the Clouds. A plausible solution under these assumptions requires that the circular velocity v_c of the Milky Way is in the range 200 to 230 km/s. The solution seems to be unique up to the modest variations allowed by the choices of v_c and the position of the exterior mass. In this solution the proto-Magellanic Clouds at high redshift were near the South pole of the Milky Way (in its present orientation), at physical distance about 200 kpc from the Milky Way and moving away at about 200 km/s.