Stability, creation and annihilation of charges in gauge theories

TL;DR

This paper develops gauge-invariant, minimal energy states for static and moving charges, including finite-volume states for charge-anticharge pairs, enabling modeling of pair creation and annihilation without singularities.

Contribution

It introduces a method to construct gauge-invariant, finite-energy states for charges, including finite-volume states for charge-anticharge pairs, advancing the understanding of charge dynamics in gauge theories.

Findings

Constructed gauge-invariant minimal energy states for charges.

Developed finite-volume states for charge-anticharge systems.

Modeled pair creation and annihilation processes.

Abstract

We show how to construct physical, minimal energy states for systems of static and moving charges. These states are manifestly gauge invariant. For charge-anticharge systems we also construct states in which the gauge fields are restricted to a finite volume around the location of the matter fields. Although this is an excited state, it is not singular, unlike all previous finite volume descriptions. We use our states to model the processes of pair creation and annihilation.