Episodic accretion at early stages of evolution of low mass stars and brown dwarfs: a solution for the observed luminosity spread in HR diagrams?

TL;DR

This paper models episodic accretion in young low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, explaining the observed luminosity spread in HR diagrams and challenging traditional concepts like the stellar birthline.

Contribution

It introduces evolutionary models incorporating episodic accretion phases, providing a new explanation for luminosity spread and age estimates in young stellar objects.

Findings

Episodic accretion explains luminosity spread in HR diagrams.

Most accretion shock energy is radiated away, matching observations.

Luminosity spread mimics a 10 Myr age spread for non-accreting models.

Abstract

We present evolutionary models for young low mass stars and brown dwarfs taking into account episodic phases of accretion at early stages of the evolution, a scenario supported by recent large surveys of embedded protostars. An evolution including short episodes of vigorous accretion ($\mdot \ge 10^{-4} \msolyr$) followed by longer quiescent phases ($\mdot < 10^{-6} \msolyr$) can explain the observed luminosity spread in HR diagrams of star forming regions at ages of a few Myr, for objects ranging from a few Jupiter masses to a few tenths of a solar mass. The gravitational contraction of these accreting objects strongly departs from the standard Hayashi track at constant $\te$. The best agreement with the observed luminosity scatter is obtained if most of the accretion shock energy is radiated away. The obtained luminosity spread at 1 Myr in the HR diagram is equivalent to what can be misinterpreted as a $\sim$ 10 Myr age spread for non-accreting objects. We also predict a significant spread in radius at a given $\te$, as suggested by recent observations. These calculations bear important consequences on our understanding of star formation and early stages of evolution and on the determination of the IMF for young ($\le$ a few Myr) clusters. Our results also show that the concept of a stellar birthline for low-mass objects has no valid support.