Cosmological properties of eternally collapsing objects (ECOs)

TL;DR

This paper proposes that black holes are not true black holes but eternally collapsing objects (ECOs) with unique properties, potentially explaining cosmic microwave background radiation and observed galactic center emissions.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of ECOs as alternatives to black holes, with specific properties like infinite collapse time and high surface redshift, challenging traditional black hole models.

Findings

Black holes have a unique mass value of zero according to the vacuum Schwarzschild solution.

ECOs can emit radiation with a temperature around 2.75 K, possibly explaining the cosmic microwave background.

The predicted luminosity of the galactic center ECO matches WMAP observations.

Abstract

We show that the integration constant in the vacuum Schwarzschild solution has the unique value, alpha_0=0, accordingly Black Holes too have the same unique value of mass M0=0. Therefore the so-called Black Holes Candidates (BHC) cannot be true BHs. It is also shown that continued collapse of sufficiently massive bodies would generate radiation pressure and energy dominated quasistatic objects having surface gravitational redshifts z>>1. Under the assumption of baryon number conservation, such objects would take infinite time to collapse to the idealized BH state with M=0 and z=infty. The local temperature of such a stellar mass Eternally Collapsing Object (ECO) would be above Quark Gluon Phase transition. ECOs would undergo intermittent violent radiative eruptions and pollute the interstellar medium with freshly made hydrogen out of their QGP and also the light elements cooked in their envelope. It is shown that the extremely redshifted observed temperature of an ECO could be 2.75 K and superposition of ECO background radiation might generate the microwave back ground radiation. The predicted 2.75 K luminosity for the galactic centre ECO, i.e., Sgr A*, L~3x1036 erg/s, nicely matches with the corresponding estimate by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).