On the theory of astronomical maser. I. Statistics of maser radiation

TL;DR

This paper re-analyzes the amplification process of broadband continuum radiation by astronomical masers, examining the assumptions of current theories through simulations that reveal significant deviations from Gaussian statistics in radiation fluctuations.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed one-dimensional model of maser radiation, highlighting the importance of fluctuations, mode coupling, and population pulsing, and assesses the validity of standard radiation transfer equations.

Findings

Radiation fluctuations deviate from Gaussian statistics in masers.

Mode coupling and population pulsing increase with saturation.

Standard radiation transfer is adequate for unsaturated and partially saturated masers.

Abstract

In this paper we re-analyse the amplification process of broadband continuum radiation by astronomical masers in one-dimensional case. The basic equations appropriate for the scalar maser and the random nature of the maser radiation field are derived from basic physical principles. Comparision with the standard radiation transfer equation allows us to examine the underlying assumptions involved in the current theory of astronomical masers. Simulations are carried out to follow the amplification of different realisations of the broadband background radiation by the maser. The observable quantities such as intensity, spectral line profile are obtained by averaging over an ensemble of the emerging radiation corresponding to the amplified background radiation field. Our simulations show that the fluctuations of the radiation field inside the astronomical maser deviates significantly from Gaussian statistics even when the maser is only partially saturated. Coupling between different frequency modes and the population pulsing are shown to have increasing importance in the transport of maser radiation as the maser approaches saturation. Our results suggest that the standard formulation of radiation transfer provides a satisfactory description of the intensity and the line narrowing effect in the unsaturated and partially saturated masers within the framework of one-dimensional model. Howerver, the application of the same formulation to the strong saturation regime should be considered with caution.