Simulations of Recoiling Massive Black Holes in the Via Lactea Halo

TL;DR

This study uses N-body simulations to analyze the trajectories of recoiling massive black holes in a Milky Way-sized dark matter halo, revealing long decay timescales and potential off-nuclear quasar activity.

Contribution

It introduces a semi-analytic model for MBH recoil dynamics in a triaxial dark matter halo, accounting for realistic halo shapes and dynamical friction effects.

Findings

MBHs with recoil velocities > 500 km/s do not return within a Hubble time.

Dark matter halo asphericity significantly prolongs MBH decay times.

Recoiling MBHs may appear as off-nuclear quasars for extended periods.

Abstract

The coalescence of a massive black hole (MBH) binary leads to the gravitational-wave recoil of the system and its ejection from the galaxy core. We have carried out N-body simulations of the motion of a MBH = 3.7x10^6 Msun MBH remnant in the Via Lactea I simulation, a Milky Way sized dark matter halo. The black hole receives a recoil velocity of Vkick = 80, 120, 200, 300, and 400 km/s at redshift 1.5, and its orbit is followed for over 1 Gyr within a live host halo, subject only to gravity and dynamical friction against the dark matter background. We show that, owing to asphericities in the dark matter potential, the orbit of the MBH is hightly non-radial, resulting in a significantly increased decay timescale compared to a spherical halo. The simulations are used to construct a semi-analytic model of the motion of the MBH in a time-varying triaxial Navarro-Frenk-White dark matter halo plus a spherical stellar bulge, where the dynamical friction force is calculated directly from the velocity dispersion tensor. Such a model should offer a realistic picture of the dynamics of kicked MBHs in situations where gas drag, friction by disk stars, and the flattening of the central cusp by the returning black hole are all negligible effects. We find that MBHs ejected with initial recoil velocities Vkick > 500 km/s do not return to the host center within Hubble time. In a Milky Way-sized galaxy, a recoiling hole carrying a gaseous disk of initial mass ~MBH may shine as a quasar for a substantial fraction of its wandering phase. The long decay timescales of kicked MBHs predicted by this study may thus be favorable to the detection of off-nuclear quasar activity.