An Extension of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Theory beyond Big Bang

TL;DR

This paper extends the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological model to include negative times, eliminating the big bang singularity and addressing the horizon problem by analyzing solutions over an infinite time span.

Contribution

It introduces a new cosmic time scale allowing the extension of solutions beyond the big bang, removing the initial singularity and potentially solving the horizon problem.

Findings

Solutions are extendable to negative times with a new time scale.

The big bang singularity appears only as a vanishing scale factor at zero.

Under certain conditions, the horizon problem is resolved.

Abstract

Starting from the classic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker theory with big bang it is shown that the solutions of the field equations can be extended to negative times. Choosing a new cosmic time scale instead of proper time one achieves complete differentiability of the scale factor and of suitable thermodynamic quantities equivalent to pressure and energy density. Then, the singularity of big bang manifests itself only by the vanishing of the scale factor at time zero. Moreover, all solutions of the field equations are defined for all times from -infinity to +infinity. In a separate chapter the horizon structure of the extended theory is studied. Some weak assumptions guarantee that there are no horizons. Hence, the horizon problem in a strict sence disappears. An intensive discussion of the results is given at the end of the paper.