Analytical computation of the off-axis Effective Area of grazing incidence X-ray mirrors

TL;DR

This paper presents analytical formulas to compute the off-axis effective area of grazing incidence X-ray mirrors, simplifying the design process compared to traditional ray-tracing methods.

Contribution

The authors develop and validate analytical expressions for the off-axis effective area of X-ray mirrors, reducing reliance on complex ray-tracing simulations.

Findings

Analytical formulas accurately predict off-axis effective area.

Validation shows good agreement with ray-tracing results.

Simplifies optical design for future X-ray telescopes.

Abstract

Focusing mirrors for X-ray telescopes in grazing incidence, introduced in the 70s, are characterized in terms of their performance by their imaging quality and effective area, which in turn determines their sensitivity. Even though the on-axis effective area is assumed in general to characterize the collecting power of an X-ray optic, the telescope capability of imaging extended X-ray sources is also determined by the variation in its effective area with the off-axis angle. [...] The complex task of designing optics for future X-ray telescopes entails detailed computations of both imaging quality and effective area on- and off-axis. Because of their apparent complexity, both aspects have been, so far, treated by using ray-tracing routines aimed at simulating the interaction of X-ray photons with the reflecting surfaces of a given focusing system. Although this approach has been widely exploited and proven to be effective, it would also be attractive to regard the same problem from an analytical viewpoint, to assess an optical design of an X-ray optical module with a simpler calculation than a ray-tracing routine. [...] We have developed useful analytical formulae for the off-axis effective area of a double-reflection mirror in the double cone approximation, requiring only an integration and the standard routines to calculate the X-ray coating reflectivity for a given incidence angle. [...] Algebraic expressions are provided for the mirror geometric area, as a function of the off-axis angle. Finally, the results of the analytical computations presented here are validated by comparison with the corresponding predictions of a ray-tracing code.