Too large and overlooked? Extended free-free emission towards massive star formation regions

TL;DR

This study reveals that many massive star formation regions contain extended free-free emission that previous high-resolution surveys missed, leading to potential misclassification and overestimation of dust masses.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates that extended free-free emission is common in massive star formation regions and was overlooked due to observational limitations, impacting classification and mass estimates.

Findings

Many regions contain extended, optically-thin free-free emission.

Previous surveys likely missed these extended regions due to spatial filtering.

Dust mass estimates may be overestimated by up to a factor of 2.

Abstract

We present Australia Telescope Compact Array observations towards 6 massive star formation regions which, from their strong 24 GHz continuum emission but no compact 8 GHz continuum emission, appeared good candidates for hyper-compact HII regions. However, the properties of the ionised gas derived from the 19 to 93 GHz continuum emission and H70 alpha + H57 alpha radio recombination line data show the majority of these sources are, in fact, regions of spatially-extended, optically-thin free-free emission. These extended sources were missed in the previous 8 GHz observations due to a combination of spatial-filtering, poor surface brightness sensitivity and primary beam attenuation. We consider the implications that a significant number of these extended HII regions may have been missed by previous surveys of massive star formation regions. If the original sample of 21 sources is representative of the population as a whole, the fact that 6 contain previously undetected extended free-free emission suggests a large number of regions have been mis-classified. Rather than being very young objects prior to UCHII region formation, they are, in fact, associated with extended HII regions and thus significantly older. In addition, inadvertently ignoring a potentially substantial flux contribution (up to ~0.5Jy) from free-free emission has implications for dust masses derived from sub-mm flux densities. The large spatial scales probed by single-dish telescopes, which do not suffer from spatial filtering, are particularly susceptible and dust masses may be overestimated by up to a factor of ~2.