The Discovery of a Large Lyman-alpha+HeII Nebula at z~1.67: A Candidate Low Metallicity Region?

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a unique, spatially-extended Lyman-alpha and HeII nebula at redshift 1.67, potentially indicating low metallicity primordial galaxy formation or gravitational cooling, with implications for understanding early universe conditions.

Contribution

First spatially-extended Lya+HeII nebula observed at low redshift, providing new insights into primordial galaxy formation signatures and ionization sources.

Findings

Detected a 45 kpc Lya+HeII nebula at z~1.67

Line ratios suggest low metallicity gas (<10^-2 Z_sun)

HeII emission indicates a hard ionizing source, possibly obscured AGN or low-metallicity stars

Abstract

We have discovered a ~45 kpc Lya nebula (or Lya ``blob'') at z~1.67 which exhibits strong, spatially-extended HeII emission and very weak CIV and CIII] emission. This is the first spatially-extended Lya+HeII emitter observed and the lowest redshift Lya blob yet found. Strong Lya and HeII-1640 emission in the absence of metal lines has been proposed as a unique observational signature of primordial galaxy formation (e.g., from gravitational cooling radiation or Population III star formation), but no convincing examples of spatially-extended Lya+HeII emitters have surfaced either in Lya-emitting galaxy surveys at high redshifts (z > 4) or in studies of Lya nebulae at lower redshifts. From comparisons with photoionization models, we find that the observed line ratios in this nebula are consistent with low metallicity gas (Z < 10^-2 - 10^-3 Z_sun), but that this conclusion depends on the unknown ionization parameter of the system. The large HeII equivalent width (~37+/-10A) and the large HeII/Lya ratio (0.12+/-0.04) suggest that the cloud is being illuminated by a hard ionizing continuum, either an AGN or very low metallicity stars, or perhaps powered by gravitational cooling radiation. Thus far there is no obvious sign of a powerful AGN in or near the system, so in order to power the nebula while remaining hidden from view even in the mid-infrared, the AGN would need to be heavily obscured. Despite the strong Lya+HeII emission, it is not yet clear what is the dominant power source for this nebula. The system therefore serves as an instructive example of how the complexities of true astrophysical sources will complicate matters when attempting to use a strong Lya+HeII signature as a unique tracer of primordial galaxy formation.