Hysteresis effects and diagnostics of the shock formation in low angular momentum axisymmetric accretion in the Kerr metric

TL;DR

This paper investigates hysteresis effects and shock formation in low angular momentum accretion flows around spinning black holes within the Kerr metric, revealing new insights into flow topology and stability.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of hysteresis effects, clarifies the relationship between critical and sonic points, and introduces an effective Lyapunov index for shock analysis in relativistic accretion flows.

Findings

Hysteresis effects are confirmed in relativistic accretion flows.

Critical points and sonic points are generally not isomorphic.

Heteroclinic orbits are structurally unstable and only occur under special conditions.

Abstract

The secular evolution of the purely general relativistic low angular momentum accretion flow around a spinning black hole is shown to exhibit hysteresis effects. This confirms that a stationary shock is an integral part of such an accretion disc in the Kerr metric. The equations describing the space gradient of the dynamical flow velocity of the accreting matter have been shown to be equivalent to a first order autonomous dynamical systems. Fixed point analysis ensures that such flow must be multi-transonic for certain astrophysically relevant initial boundary conditions. Contrary to the existing consensus in the literature, the critical points and the sonic points are proved not to be isomorphic in general. Homoclinic orbits for the flow flow possessing multiple critical points select the critical point with the higher entropy accretion rate, confirming that the entropy accretion rate is the degeneracy removing agent in the system. However, heteroclinic orbits are also observed for some special situation, where both the saddle type critical points of the flow configuration possesses identical entropy accretion rate. Topologies with heteroclinic orbits are thus the only allowed non removable degenerate solutions for accretion flow with multiple critical points, and are shown to be structurally unstable. Depending on suitable initial boundary conditions, a homoclinic trajectory can be combined with a standard non homoclinic orbit through an energy preserving Rankine-Hugoniot type of stationary shock. An effective Lyapunov index has been proposed to analytically confirm why certain class of transonic flow can not accommodate shock solutions even if it produces multiple critical points. (Abridged)