Polarization signature of gamma-ray bursts from fragmented fireballs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the polarization signatures of gamma-ray bursts from fragmented fireballs, revealing how polarization varies with pulse properties and proposing observational tests for the model.

Contribution

It introduces a model linking pulse polarization to blob orientation in fragmented fireballs, independent of radiation mechanism assumptions.

Findings

Polarization correlates with pulse flux and blob orientation.

Maximum polarization occurs at about one-tenth the peak flux of the brightest pulse.

Model predictions align with some existing observational hints.

Abstract

We study the polarization properties of the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts produced by fragmented fireballs. Such fireballs, known in the literature under various names, are made by the superposition of many individual blobs, each of which produces a spike in the light curve. The differences between pulses are due both to the intrinsic diversity in the blobs' properties and to their orientation with respect to the line of sight. We show that the peak flux and the polarization of each pulse are connected through the orientation of the blob that produces the pulse, while the position angle fluctuates randomly from one pulse to the next and is constant within an individual pulse. The most polarized pulses are those with approximately one tenth the peak flux of the brightest pulse. These conclusions do not depend on the assumed radiation mechanism nor on the energy and Lorentz factor of the blobs. We compare the prediction of this model to a simulated set of observations, showing that a limited sample of GRBs with time-resolved polarization measurements would provide a crucial test for this model. We finally show that a hint of the predicted correlation may have been already observed.