Mechanical Model for Fiber-laden Membranes

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive mechanical model for fiber-laden membranes, capturing fiber self-assembly, membrane mechanics, and their interactions, with applications to plant cell wall cellulose orientation.

Contribution

It introduces a coupled shape and nematic order model incorporating curvature effects, predicting fiber orientations in curved membranes like plant cell walls.

Findings

Fiber orientation depends on curvature and interaction types.

Model predicts cellulose fibril angles in cylindrical plant cell walls.

Growth influences fiber order and orientation.

Abstract

An integrated mechanical model for fiber-laden membranes is presented and representative predictions of relevance to cellulose ordering and orientation in the plant cell wall are presented. The model describes nematic liquid crystalline self-assembly of rigid fibers on an arbitrarily curved fluid membrane. The mechanics of the fluid membrane is described by the Helfrich bending-torsion model, the fiber self-assembly is described by the 2D Landau-de Gennes quadrupolar Q-tensor order parameter model, and the fiber-membrane interactions (inspired by an extension of the 2D Maier-Saupe model to curved surfaces) include competing curvo-philic (curvature-seeking) and curvo-phobic (curvature-avoiding) effects. Analysis of the free energy reveals three fiber orientation regimes: (a) along the major curvature, (b) along the minor curvature, (c) away from the principal curvatures, according to the competing curvo-philic and curvo-phobic interactions. The derived shape equation (normal stress balance) now includes curvature-nematic ordering contributions, with both bending and torsion renormalizations. Integration of the shape and nematic order equations gives a complete model whose solution describes the coupled membrane shape/fiber order state. Applications to cylindrical membranes, relevant to the plant cell wall, shows how growth decreases the fiber order parameter and moves the fiber's director from the axial direction towards the azimuthal orientation, eventually leading to a state of stress predicted by pure membranes. The ubiquitous 54.7o cellulose fibril orientation in a cylindrical plant cell wall is shown to be predicted by the preset model when the ratio of curvo-phobic and curvo-philic interactions is in the range of the cylinder radius.