Observing a Black Hole Event Horizon: (Sub)Millimeter VLBI of Sgr A*

TL;DR

Recent millimeter VLBI observations of Sgr A* provide strong evidence for the event horizon of the supermassive black hole, enabling future imaging and spin measurement through high-resolution techniques.

Contribution

This paper discusses the potential of (sub)millimeter VLBI to observe the event horizon and measure black hole spin in Sgr A* and M87, advancing strong-field GR tests.

Findings

Structures on scales comparable to the Schwarzschild radius observed.

Evidence supporting the existence of an event horizon.

Future observations could measure black hole spin and produce direct images.

Abstract

Very strong evidence suggests that Sagittarius A*, a compact radio source at the center of the Milky Way, marks the position of a super massive black hole. The proximity of Sgr A* in combination with its mass makes its apparent event horizon the largest of any black hole candidate in the universe and presents us with a unique opportunity to observe strong-field GR effects. Recent millimeter very long baseline interferometric observations of Sgr A* have demonstrated the existence of structures on scales comparable to the Schwarzschild radius. These observations already provide strong evidence in support of the existence of an event horizon. (Sub)Millimeter VLBI observations in the near future will combine the angular resolution necessary to identify the overall morphology of quiescent emission, such as an accretion disk or outflow, with a fine enough time resolution to detect possible periodicity in the variable component of emission. In the next few years, it may be possible to identify the spin of the black hole in Sgr A*, either by detecting the periodic signature of hot spots at the innermost stable circular orbit or parameter estimation in models of the quiescent emission. Longer term, a (sub)millimeter VLBI "Event Horizon Telescope" will be able to produce images of the Galactic center emission to the see the silhouette predicted by general relativistic lensing. These techniques are also applicable to the black hole in M87, where black hole spin may be key to understanding the jet-launching region.