The Golden Age of Statistical Graphics

TL;DR

This paper reviews the 'Golden Age of Statistical Graphics' (1850-1900), highlighting the historical developments, technological advances, and innovative methods that led to a flourishing of data visualization during that period.

Contribution

It provides a historical analysis of the origins and factors that contributed to the rapid growth and sophistication of statistical graphics in the late 19th century.

Findings

Explosive growth in graphic methods and topics from 1850 to 1900

Development of innovative visualization techniques during the period

Link between statistical infrastructure and advances in graphics

Abstract

Statistical graphics and data visualization have long histories, but their modern forms began only in the early 1800s. Between roughly 1850 and 1900 ($\pm10$), an explosive growth occurred in both the general use of graphic methods and the range of topics to which they were applied. Innovations were prodigious and some of the most exquisite graphics ever produced appeared, resulting in what may be called the ``Golden Age of Statistical Graphics.'' In this article I trace the origins of this period in terms of the infrastructure required to produce this explosive growth: recognition of the importance of systematic data collection by the state; the rise of statistical theory and statistical thinking; enabling developments of technology; and inventions of novel methods to portray statistical data. To illustrate, I describe some specific contributions that give rise to the appellation ``Golden Age.''