Photometric Variability of the T2.5 Brown Dwarf SIMP J013656.5+093347; Evidence for Evolving Weather Patterns

TL;DR

This study reports the detection of periodic photometric variability in the T2.5 brown dwarf SIMP J013656.5+093347, indicating evolving weather patterns and complex atmospheric structures.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed photometric analysis showing evolving surface features and constrains atmospheric composition using multi-band observations.

Findings

Periodic ~2.4-hour variability detected

Correlated variability in J and Ks bands observed

Atmospheric models suggest mixed cloudy and clear regions

Abstract

We report the discovery of a photometric variability in the bright T2.5 brown dwarf SIMP J013656.5+093347. Continuous J-band photometry has been obtained for several hours on four different nights. The light curves show a periodic modulation with a period of ~2.4 hours, a peak-to-peak amplitude of ~50 mmag and significant night-to-night evolution. We suggest that the light curve modulation is due to the brown dwarf's rotation and that the longer term variations come from surface features evolution and/or differential rotation. We obtained complementary observations over a single night in the J and Ks bands; the object displays correlated photometric variability in both bands, albeit with smaller Ks-band amplitude. The ratio of the Ks and J variability amplitudes puts strong constraints on the physical mechanisms at play. Based on theoretical models of brown dwarf atmospheres, our results suggest that the atmosphere of SIMP0136 is comprised of both grain-free and colder (by ~100 K) grain-bearing cloudy regions. This discovery, and its interpretation, provide a natural explanation of the so-called J-band brightening.