On wave functional in QED

TL;DR

This paper investigates gauge independence in quantum electrodynamics using a discrete second quantization approach, revealing vacuum effects and proposing a method to generate physical states.

Contribution

Introduces a novel discrete second quantization method to analyze gauge invariance and physical states in QED, highlighting vacuum phenomena and state construction.

Findings

Gauge independence of physical states confirmed

Vacuum effects identified and characterized

Procedure for generating physical states proposed

Abstract

In a discrete form of the second quantization, the gauge independencies of all the physical states including vacuum in QED are restudied through a new approach. We also discuss an interesting phenomenon attributed to vacuum effect and come up with a procedure to produce general physical states.