Resonances and bifurcations in axisymmetric scale-free potentials

TL;DR

This paper provides an analytical approach to understanding bifurcations of resonant orbits in axisymmetric galactic potentials, identifying key resonances and offering formulas to predict bifurcation points with reliable accuracy.

Contribution

It introduces a simplified analytical method for predicting bifurcations in resonant orbit families in axisymmetric potentials, including formulas validated against numerical results.

Findings

Identified key resonances causing bifurcations in galactic potentials.

Developed analytical formulas for bifurcation parameters.

Validated predictions with numerical comparisons.

Abstract

We investigate an analytical treatment of bifurcations of families of resonant `thin' tubes in axisymmetric galactic potentials. We verify that the most relevant bifurcations are due to the (1:1) resonance producing the `inclined' orbits through two different mechanisms: from the disk orbit and from the `thin' tube associated to the vertical oscillation. The closest resonances occurring after these are the (4:3) resonance in the oblate case and the (2:1) resonance in the prolate case. The (1:1) resonances are treated in a straightforward way using a 2nd-order truncated normal form. The higher-order resonances are instead cumbersome to investigate, because the normal form has to be truncated to a high degree and the number of terms grows very rapidly. We therefore adopt a further simplification giving analytic formulas for the values of the parameters at which bifurcations ensue and compare them with selected numerical results. Thanks to the asymptotic nature of the series involved, the predictions are reliable well beyond the convergence radius of the original series.