Two-dimensional supersonic nonlinear Schr\"odinger flow past an extended obstacle

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the two-dimensional supersonic flow of a superfluid past an obstacle using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, revealing the formation of dispersive shock waves and extending modulation theory to include linear wave patterns.

Contribution

It introduces an asymptotic reduction to a 1D dispersive piston problem and constructs exact solutions for dispersive shock waves in this context.

Findings

Analytical description of oblique dispersive shock waves.

Extension of modulation theory to include ship wave patterns.

Validation through direct numerical simulations.

Abstract

Supersonic flow of a superfluid past a slender impenetrable macroscopic obstacle is studied in the framework of the two-dimensional defocusing nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation. This problem is of fundamental importance as a dispersive analogue of the corresponding classical gas-dynamics problem. Assuming the oncoming flow speed sufficiently high, we asymptotically reduce the original boundary-value problem for a steady flow past a slender body to the one-dimensional dispersive piston problem described by the nonstationary NLS equation, in which the role of time is played by the stretched $x$-coordinate and the piston motion curve is defined by the spatial body profile. Two steady oblique spatial dispersive shock waves (DSWs) spreading from the pointed ends of the body are generated in both half-planes. These are described analytically by constructing appropriate exact solutions of the Whitham modulation equations for the front DSW and by using a generalized Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule for the oblique dark soliton fan in the rear DSW. We propose an extension of the traditional modulation description of DSWs to include the linear "ship wave" pattern forming outside the nonlinear modulation region of the front DSW. Our analytic results are supported by direct 2D unsteady numerical simulations and are relevant to recent experiments on Bose-Einstein condensates freely expanding past obstacles.