Solar transition region above sunspots

TL;DR

This study analyzes the properties of the transition region above sunspots using SUMER spectra, revealing differences in line profiles, densities, and emission measures that suggest a more extended and less opaque TR in sunspot regions.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the TR structure above sunspots, including electron densities, DEM, and the extent of the TR, based on detailed spectral analysis and comparison with other solar regions.

Findings

Lyman line self-reversals are absent in umbral regions.

Sunspot plumes show high emission measures and extended TR.

Weak or absent TR lines are observed in sunspot spectra.

Abstract

We study the TR properties above sunspots and the surrounding plage regions, by analyzing several sunspot spectra obtained by SUMER in March 1999 and November 2006. We compare the SUMER spectra observed in the umbra, penumbra, plage, and sunspot plume regions. The Lyman line profiles averaged in each region are presented. For the sunspot observed in 2006, the electron densities, DEM, and filling factors of the TR plasma in the four regions are also investigated. The self-reversals of the Lyman line profiles are almost absent in umbral regions at different locations (heliocentric angle up to $49^\circ$) on the solar disk. In the sunspot plume, the Lyman lines are also not reversed, whilst the lower Lyman line profiles observed in the plage region are obviously reversed. The TR densities of the umbra and plume are similar and one order of magnitude lower than those of the plage and penumbra. The DEM curve of the sunspot plume exhibits a peak centered around $\log(T/\rm{K})\sim5.45$, which exceeds the DEM of other regions by one to two orders of magnitude at these temperatures. We also find that more than 100 lines, which are very weak or not observed anywhere else on the Sun, are well observed by SUMER in the sunspot, especially in the sunspot plume. We suggest that the TR above sunspots is higher and probably more extended, and that the opacity of the hydrogen lines is much smaller above sunspots, as compared to the TR above plage regions. Our result indicates that the enhanced TR emission of the sunspot plume is very likely to be the result of a large filling factor. The strongly enhanced emission at TR temperatures and the reduced continuum make many normally weak TR lines stick out clearly in the spectra of sunspot plumes.