Low-Metallicity Protostars and the Maximum Stellar Mass Resulting from Radiative Feedback

TL;DR

This study investigates how low metallicity environments influence protostellar evolution and the maximum stellar mass, revealing that lower metallicity allows for more massive stars due to reduced radiative feedback effects.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of accretion rates, protostellar evolution, and feedback mechanisms across different metallicities, establishing a metallicity-dependent upper stellar mass limit.

Findings

Accretion rates increase as metallicity decreases.

Maximum stellar mass can reach about 300 M_sun at Z=10^-6 Z_sun.

Radiative feedback limits stellar mass more strongly at higher metallicities.

Abstract

The final mass of a newborn star is set at the epoch when the mass accretion onto the star is terminated. We study the evolution of accreting protostars and the limits of accretion in low metallicity environments. Accretion rates onto protostars are estimated via the temperature evolution of prestellar cores with different metallicities. The derived rates increase with decreasing metallicity, from 10^-6 M_sun/yr at Z = Z_sun to 10^-3 M_sun/yr at Z = 0. With the derived accretion rates, the protostellar evolution is numerically calculated. We find that, at lower metallicity, the protostar has a larger radius and reaches the zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) at higher stellar mass. Using this protostellar evolution, we evaluate the upper stellar mass limit where the mass accretion is hindered by radiative feedback. We consider the effects of radiation pressure exerted on the accreting envelope, and expansion of the HII region. The mass accretion is finally terminated by radiation pressure on dust grains in the envelope for Z > 10^-3 Z_sun and by the expanding HII region for lower metallicty. The mass limit from these effects increases with decreasing metallicity from 10 M_sun at Z = Z_sun to about 300 M_sun at Z = 10^-6 Z_sun. The termination of accretion occurs after the central star arrives at the ZAMS at all metallicities, which allows us to neglect protostellar evolution effects in discussing the upper mass limit by stellar feedback. The fragmentation induced by line cooling in low-metallicity clouds yields prestellar cores with masses large enough that the final stellar mass is set by the feedback effects.