Pixel-lensing as a way to detect extrasolar planets in M31

TL;DR

This paper explores the potential of pixel-lensing observations in M31 to detect extrasolar planets, analyzing the effects of finite source size and planetary deviations in light curves through Monte Carlo simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a Monte Carlo method to identify planetary features in pixel-lensing light curves, considering finite source effects and the detectability of small mass planets.

Findings

Planetary deviations can last 3-4 days for larger sources.

Small mass planets (<20 Earth masses) can cause detectable deviations with large telescopes.

Detection probability is at most a few percent per event, requiring many observations.

Abstract

We study the possibility to detect extrasolar planets in M31 through pixel-lensing observations. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we select the physical parameters of the binary lens system, a star hosting a planet, and we calculate the pixel-lensing light curve taking into account the finite source effects. Indeed, their inclusion is crucial since the sources in M31 microlensing events are mainly giant stars. Light curves with detectable planetary features are selected by looking for significant deviations from the corresponding Paczy\'{n}ski shapes. We find that the time scale of planetary deviations in light curves increase (up to 3-4 days) as the source size increases. This means that only few exposures per day, depending also on the required accuracy, may be sufficient to reveal in the light curve a planetary companion. Although the mean planet mass for the selected events is about $2 M_{\rm {Jupiter}}$, even small mass planets ($M_{\rm P} < 20 M_{\oplus}$) can cause significant deviations, at least in the observations with large telescopes. However, even in the former case, the probability to find detectable planetary features in pixel-lensing light curves is at most a few percent of the detectable events, and therefore many events have to be collected in order to detect an extrasolar planet in M31. Our analysis also supports the claim that the anomaly found in the candidate event PA-99-N2 towards M31 can be explained by a companion object orbiting the lens star.