High resolution spectroscopy for Cepheids distance determination. V. Impact of the cross-correlation method on the p-factor and the gamma-velocities

TL;DR

This study assesses how the cross-correlation method affects Cepheid radial velocities and distances, deriving a new period-projection factor relation and clarifying the origin of the K-term bias.

Contribution

It provides a new period-projection factor relation tailored for the cross-correlation method and explains the systematic blue-shift in gamma-velocities affecting Galactic structure studies.

Findings

Derived a new Pp relation: p = [-0.08+-0.05] log P + [1.31+-0.06]

Found negligible wavelength dependence of the Pp relation

Identified a systematic blue-shift in gamma-velocities of about 1.0 km/s

Abstract

The cross correlation method (hereafter CC) is widely used to derive the radial velocity curve of Cepheids when the signal to noise of the spectra is low. However, if it is used with the wrong projection factor, it might introduce some biases in the Baade-Wesselink (hereafter BW) methods of determining the distance of Cepheids. In addition, it might affect the average value of the radial velocity curve (or gamma-velocity) important for Galactic structure studies. We aim to derive a period-projection factor relation (hereafter Pp) appropriate to be used together with the CC method. Moreover, we investigate whether the CC method can explain the misunderstood previous calculation of the K-term of Cepheids. We observed eight galactic Cepheids with the HARPS spectrograph. For each star, we derive an interpolated CC radial velocity curve using the HARPS pipeline. The amplitudes of these curves are used to determine the correction to be applied to the semi-theoretical projection factor derived in Nardetto et al. (2007). Their average value (or gamma-velocity) are also compared to the center-of-mass velocities derived in Nardetto et al. (2008). The correction in amplitudes allows us to derive a new Pp relation: p = [-0.08+-0.05] log P +[1.31+-0.06]. We also find a negligible wavelength dependence (over the optical range) of the Pp relation. We finally show that the gamma-velocity derived from the CC method is systematically blue-shifted by about 1.0 +- 0.2km/s compared to the center-of-mass velocity of the star. An additional blue-shift of 1.0km/s is thus needed to totally explain the previous calculation of the K-term of Cepheids (around 2km/s). The new Pp relation we derived is a solid tool for the distance scale calibration (abridged).