Generalized van der Waals theory for the twist elastic modulus and helical pitch of cholesterics

TL;DR

This paper develops a generalized van der Waals theory for cholesteric liquid crystals, deriving explicit formulas for the twist elastic modulus and pitch, and explaining their dependence on density and temperature.

Contribution

It introduces a new theoretical framework combining Onsager and van der Waals theories to predict cholesteric properties of chiral spherocylinders, including explicit expressions for pitch and elastic modulus.

Findings

Pitch varies non-monotonically with density and temperature.

Unwinding of the helix at high density is due to increased nematic order.

Results qualitatively agree with experimental data on colloidal rods.

Abstract

We present a generalized van der Waals theory for a lyotropic cholesteric system of chiral spherocylinders based on the classical Onsager theory for hard anisometric bodies. The rods consist of a hard spherocylindrical backbone surrounded with a square-well potential to account for attractive (or soft repulsive) interactions. Long-ranged chiral interactions are described by means of a simple pseudo-scalar potential which is appropriate for weak chiral forces of a predominant electrostatic origin. Based on the formalism proposed by Straley [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 14}, 1835 (1976)] we derive explicit algebraic expressions for the twist elastic modulus and the cholesteric pitch for rods as a function of density and temperature. The pitch varies non-monotonically with density, with a sharp decrease at low packing fractions and a marked increase at higher packing fractions. A similar trend is found for the temperature dependence. The unwinding of the helical pitch at high densities (or low temperatures) originates from a marked increase in the local nematic order and a steep increase of the twist elastic resistance associated with near-parallel local rod configurations. This contrasts with the commonly held view that the increase in pitch with decreasing temperature as often observed in cholesterics is due to layer formation resulting from pre-smectic fluctuations. The increase in pitch with increasing temperature is consistent with an entropic unwinding as the chiral interaction becomes less and less significant than the thermal energy. The variation of the pitch with density, temperature and contour length is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental results on colloidal {\em fd} rods.