The Period Variation of and a Spot Model for the Eclipsing Binary AR Bootis

TL;DR

This study analyzes 56 years of observations of AR Bootis, revealing complex period variations due to mass transfer, possible third-body effects, and magnetic activity, along with detailed light curve modeling including star spots.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of AR Boo's period variability and light curves, proposing models involving mass transfer, magnetic activity, and potential unseen companions.

Findings

Orbital period varies with a parabola and sinusoid.

Mass transfer likely causes secular period change.

Light curve variability explained by star spots.

Abstract

New CCD photometric observations of the eclipsing system AR Boo were obtained from February 2006 to April 2008. The star's photometric properties are derived from detailed studies of the period variability and of all available light curves. We find that over about 56 years the orbital period of the system has varied due to a combination of an upward parabola and a sinusoid rather than in a monotonic fashion. Mass transfer from the less massive primary to the more massive secondary component is likely responsible for at least a significant part of the secular period change. The cyclical variation with a period of 7.57 yrs and a semi-amplitude of 0.0015 d can be produced either by a light-travel-time effect due to an unseen companion with a scaled mass of $M_3 \sin i_3$=0.081 $M_\odot$ or by a magnetic period modulation in the secondary star. Historical light curves of AR Boo, as well as our own, display season-to-season light variability, which are best modeled by including both a cool spot and a hot one on the secondary star. We think that the spots express magnetic dynamo-related activity and offer limited support for preferring the magnetic interpretation of the 7.57-year cycle over the third-body understanding. Our solutions confirm that AR Boo belongs to the W-subtype contact binary class, consisting of a hotter, less massive primary star with a spectral type of G9 and a companion of spectral type K1.