Detailed maps of interstellar clouds in front of omega Centauri: Small-scale structures in the Galactic Disc-Halo interface

TL;DR

This study maps small-scale structures in the interstellar medium near omega Centauri, revealing details about the Galactic Disc-Halo interface and the distribution of dust, gas, and interstellar features.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed map of the neutral and low-ionized interstellar medium in front of omega Centauri, highlighting small-scale structures and their relation to dust and ionization conditions.

Findings

Na I and Ca II trace overall column density of the medium.

Depletion of calcium into dust grains observed.

DIRBE/IRAS maps better represent reddening than absorption lines.

Abstract

We used the multiplex capabilities of the AAOmega spectrograph at the Anglo-Australian Telescope to create a half-square-degree map of the neutral and low-ionized ISM in front of the nearby (~5 kpc), most massive Galactic globular cluster, omega Centauri. Its redshifted, metal-poor and hot horizontal branch stars probe the medium-strong Ca II K and Na I D2 line absorption, and weak absorption in the lambda5780 and lambda5797 Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs), on scales around a parsec. The kinematical and thermodynamical picture emerging from these data is that we predominantly probe the warm neutral medium and weakly-ionized medium of the Galactic Disc-Halo interface, ~0.3-1 kpc above the mid-plane. A comparison with Spitzer Space Telescope 24-micron and DIRBE/IRAS maps of the warm and cold dust emission confirms that both Na I and Ca II trace the overall column density of the warm neutral and weakly-ionized medium. Clear signatures are seen of the depletion of calcium atoms from the gas phase into dust grains. Curiously, the coarse DIRBE/IRAS map is a more reliable representation of the relative reddening between sightlines than the Na I and Ca II absorption-line measurements, most likely because the latter are sensitive to fluctuations in the local ionization conditions. The behaviour of the DIBs is consistent with the lambda5780 band being stronger than the lambda5797 band in regions where the ultraviolet radiation level is relatively high, as in the Disc-Halo interface. This region corresponds to a sigma-type cloud. In all, our maps and simple analytical model calculations show in unprecedented detail that small-scale density and/or ionization structures exist in the extra-planar gas of a spiral galaxy. (abridged)