The Missing Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy

TL;DR

This paper proposes a model where electric field energy from cosmic ray protons accounts for the galaxy's missing mass, matching observed rotation curves without dark matter.

Contribution

It introduces a novel gravitational model based on electric field energy from cosmic rays, challenging traditional mass-based gravity explanations.

Findings

Electric field energy explains galaxy rotation curves.

The model's total electric field energy matches the missing mass.

Results align with observed galactic dynamics.

Abstract

This work verifies the principle that gravitation is caused by {\it energy} and not simply by mass alone. A model is proposed in which cosmic ray protons flow radially through the galaxy. The resulting electric field energy creates a gravitational force, in addition to the conventional Newtonian force. The model yields a rotation curve that agrees in detail with the experimental curve. The total electric field energy is calculated. It is the missing mass of the galaxy.