Distribution and properties of fragments and debris from the split comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 as revealed by Spitzer Space Telescope

TL;DR

This study uses Spitzer Space Telescope data to analyze the distribution, composition, and dynamics of fragments and debris from comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, revealing insights into its splitting event and dust properties.

Contribution

It provides detailed infrared observations of the comet's fragments, dust trail, and outgassing, and introduces parameters to explain the dynamics of particles and fragments.

Findings

55 fragments detected in 2006 May, indicating a split in 1995.

Infrared emission from large particles in a dust trail following the orbit.

Detection of CO2 outflow and measurement of CO2:H2O ratios.

Abstract

During 2006 Mar - 2007 Jan, we used the IRAC and MIPS instruments on the Spitzer Space Telescope to study the infrared emission from the ensemble of fragments, meteoroids, and dust tails in the more than 3 degree wide 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 debris field. We also investigated contemporaneous ground based and HST observations. In 2006 May, 55 fragments were detected in the Spitzer image. The wide spread of fragments along the comet's orbit indicates they were formed from the 1995 splitting event. While the number of major fragments in the Spitzer image is similar to that seen from the ground by optical observers, the correspondence between the fragments with optical astrometry and those seen in the Spitzer images cannot be readily established, due either to strong non-gravitational terms, astrometric uncertainties, or transience of the fragments outgassing. The Spitzer data resolve the structure of the dust comae at a resolution of 1000 km, and they reveal the infrared emission due to large (mm to cm size) particles in a continuous dust trail that closely follows the projected orbit. We detect fluorescence from outflowing CO2 gas from the largest fragments (B and C), and we measure the CO2:H2O proportion (1:10 and 1:20, respectively). Three dimensionless parameters to explain dynamics of the solid particles: alpha (sublimation reaction), beta (radiation pressure), and nu (ejection velocity). The major fragments have nu>alpha>beta and are dominated by the kinetic energy imparted to them by the fragmentation process. The small, ephemeral fragments seen by HST in the tails of the major fragments have alpha>nu>beta dominated by rocket forces. The meteoroids along the projected orbit have beta~nu>>alpha. Dust in the fragments' tails has beta>>(nu+alpha) and is dominated by radiation pressure.