Clumpiness enhancement of charged cosmic rays from dark matter annihilation with Sommerfeld effect

TL;DR

This paper investigates how dark matter clumpiness and the Sommerfeld effect influence the enhancement of cosmic ray signals from dark matter annihilation, providing detailed calculations and considering various resonance scenarios.

Contribution

It offers a comprehensive calculation of boost factors considering the Sommerfeld effect and dark matter substructure, based on recent N-body simulations, including extreme cases and variance analysis.

Findings

Sommerfeld effect saturation limits boost in non-resonant cases

Moderately resonant cases show minimal enhancement

Strongly resonant cases can reach boost factors up to 10, with extreme cases up to 1000

Abstract

Boost factors of dark matter annihilation into antiprotons and electrons/positrons due to the clumpiness of dark matter distribution are studied in detail in this work, taking the Sommerfeld effect into account. It has been thought that the Sommerfeld effect, if exists, will be more remarkable in substructures because they are colder than the host halo, and may result in a larger boost factor. We give a full calculation of the boost factors based on the recent N-body simulations. Three typical cases of Sommerfeld effects, the non-resonant, moderately resonant and strongly resonant cases are considered. We find that for the non-resonant and moderately resonant cases the enhancement effects of substructures due to the Sommerfeld effect are very small ($\sim \mathcal{O}(1)$) because of the saturation behavior of the Sommerfeld effect. For the strongly resonant case the boost factor is typically smaller than $\sim \mathcal{O}(10)$. However, it is possible in some very extreme cases that DM distribution is adopted to give the maximal annihilation the boost factor can reach up to $\sim 1000$. The variances of the boost factors due to different realizations of substructures distribution are also discussed in the work.